Across Europe, traditional political parties are being challenged by new political formations that barely fit the classic classification of left versus right. Drawing support from the divide between “open” and “closed” societies, they mainly feature anti-establishment claims in the name of protecting people, advocating closed borders in response to the tumultuous transformation caused by globalization in the past few decades. Globalization is generally seen as a powerful source of inequality and disempowerment—a political design coinciding with only the interests of elites.

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